Este miércoles, varios aviones de combate turcos han violado el espacio aéreo de Irak y han bombardeado territorio adyacente a su frontera, en la gobernación de Duhok, escribe RIA Novosti citando a la agencia Fars.
Algunos testigos señalan que los bombardeos duraron más de 30 minutos y su objetivo eran las posiciones del Partido de los Trabajadores de Kurdistán (PKK) en Deyrluk y Shiladzhi.
Las informaciones también indican que este martes por la noche los cazas turcos atacaron la base del PKK en Kandil.
El pasado domingo, Irak lanzaba un ultimátum a Turquía: si Ankara no procede a retirar las tropas que tiene desplegadas en territorio iraquí en menos de 48 horas, Bagdad se dirigirá al Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU.
Según las autoridades iraquíes, el pasado 4 de diciembre un batallón de tanques turcos entró en la provincia iraquí de Nínive bajo la premisa de formar a los militantes de las formaciones populares kurdas que luchan contra el Estado Islámico. El servicio diplomático iraquí y el Ministerio de Defensa han tildado esta presencia militar de "acto hostil" por parte de Turquía, que no llegó a un acuerdo previo con las autoridades de Bagdad.
Rothschild family
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"House of Rothschild" redirects here. For the film, see The House of Rothschild. For other uses, see Rothschild (disambiguation).
Current region | United Kingdom, Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, United States |
---|---|
Place of origin | Frankfurter Judengasse, Free Imperial City of Frankfurt am Main, Holy Roman Empire |
Members | Mayer Amschel Rothschild (founder) |
Connected families | Rockefeller family |
Distinctions | Barons (European nobility) |
Traditions | Goût Rothschild |
Name origin and meaning | "Red shield" in German |
During the 19th century, when it was at its height, the Rothschild family is believed by some to have possessed the largest private fortune in the world, as well as the largest private fortune in modern world history.[3][4][5] The family's wealth is believed to have subsequently declined, as it was divided amongst hundreds of descendants.[6] Today, Rothschild businesses are far less well known than they were throughout the 19th century, although they encompass a diverse range of fields, including financial services, real estate, mining, energy, mixed farming, wine and charities.[7][8]
Contents
- 1 Family overview
- 2 The Napoleonic Wars
- 3 International high finance
- 4 English branch
- 5 French branches
- 6 Austrian branch
- 7 Naples branch
- 8 Jewish identity and positions on Zionism
- 9 Modern businesses, investments and philanthropy
- 10 Cultural references
- 11 Conspiracy theories
- 12 Prominent descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild
- 13 Coat of arms
- 14 See also
- 15 Notes
- 16 Further reading
- 17 External links
Family overview
The first member of the family who was known to use the name "Rothschild" was Izaak Elchanan Rothschild, born in 1577. The name is derived from the German rot Schild, meaning "Red Shield". The family's ascent to international prominence began in 1744, with the birth of Mayer Amschel Rothschild in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was the son of Amschel Moses Rothschild, (born circa 1710),[9] a money changer who had traded with the Prince of Hesse. Born in the "Judengasse", the ghetto of Frankfurt, Mayer developed a finance house and spread his empire by installing each of his five sons in the five main European financial centres to conduct business. The Rothschild coat of arms contains a clenched fist with five arrows symbolising the five dynasties established by the five sons of Mayer Rothschild, in a reference to Psalm 127: "Like arrows in the hands of a warrior, so are the children of one's youth." The family motto appears below the shield: Concordia, Integritas, Industria (Unity, Integrity, Industry).[10]Paul Johnson writes "[T]he Rothschilds are elusive. There is no book about them that is both revealing and accurate. Libraries of nonsense have been written about them... A woman who planned to write a book entitled Lies about the Rothschilds abandoned it, saying: ‘It was relatively easy to spot the lies, but it proved impossible to find out the truth.’" He writes that, unlike the court Jews of earlier centuries, who had financed and managed European noble houses, but often lost their wealth through violence or expropriation, the new kind of international bank created by the Rothschilds was impervious to local attacks. Their assets were held in financial instruments, circulating through the world as stocks, bonds and debts. Changes made by the Rothschilds allowed them to insulate their property from local violence: "Henceforth their real wealth was beyond the reach of the mob, almost beyond the reach of greedy monarchs."[11] Johnson argued that their fortune was generated to the greatest extent by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in London; however, more recent research by Niall Ferguson indicates that greater and equal profits also were realised by the other Rothschild dynasties, including James Mayer de Rothschild in Paris, Carl Mayer von Rothschild in Naples and Amschel Mayer Rothschild in Frankfurt.[12]
Another essential part of Mayer Rothschild's strategy for future success was to keep control of their banks in family hands, allowing them to maintain full secrecy about the size of their fortunes. In about 1906, the Jewish Encyclopedia noted: "The practice initiated by the Rothschilds of having several brothers of a firm establish branches in the different financial centres was followed by other Jewish financiers, like the Bischoffsheims, Pereires, Seligmans, Lazards and others, and these financiers by their integrity and financial skill obtained credit not alone with their Jewish confrères, but with the banking fraternity in general. By this means Jewish financiers obtained an increasing share of international finance during the middle and last quarter of the 19th century. The head of the whole group was the Rothschild family...". It also states: "Of more recent years, non-Jewish financiers have learned the same cosmopolitan method, and, on the whole, the control is now rather less than more in Jewish hands than formerly."[13] Mayer Rothschild successfully kept the fortune in the family with carefully arranged marriages, often between first or second cousins (similar to royal intermarriage). By the late 19th century, however, almost all Rothschilds had started to marry outside the family, usually into the aristocracy or other financial dynasties.[14] His sons were:
- Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773–1855): Frankfurt, died childless, passed to sons of Salomon and Calmann
- Salomon Mayer Rothschild (1774–1855): Vienna
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836): London
- Calmann Mayer Rothschild (1788–1855): Naples
- Jakob Mayer Rothschild (1792–1868): Paris
Families by country:
- Rothschild banking family of Austria
- Rothschild banking family of England
- Rothschild banking family of Naples
- Rothschild banking family of France
The Napoleonic Wars
In one instance, the family network enabled Nathan to receive in London the news of Wellington's victory at the Battle of Waterloo a full day ahead of the government's official messengers.[18] Rothschild's first concern on this occasion was not to the potential financial advantage on the market which the knowledge would have given him; he and his courier immediately took the news to the government.[18] It was then repeated in later popular accounts, such as that of Morton.[20][21] The basis for the Rothschild's most famously profitable move was made after the news of British victory had been made public. Nathan Rothschild calculated that the future reduction in government borrowing brought about by the peace would create a bounce in British government bonds after a two-year stabilisation, which would finalise the post-war restructuring of the domestic economy.[19][20][21] In what has been described as one of the most audacious moves in financial history, Nathan immediately bought up the government bond market, for what at the time seemed an excessively high price, before waiting two years, then selling the bonds on the crest of a short bounce in the market in 1817 for a 40% profit. Given the sheer power of leverage the Rothschild family had at their disposal, this profit was an enormous sum.[19]
Nathan Mayer Rothschild initially started his business in Manchester in 1806, and gradually moved it to London, where in 1809 he acquired the location at 2 New Court in St. Swithin's Lane, City of London,[18] where it operates today; he established N M Rothschild & Sons in 1811. In 1818, he arranged a £5 million (equal to £330 million in 2014) loan to the Prussian government, and the issuing of bonds for government loans formed a mainstay of his bank’s business. He gained a position of such power in the City of London that by 1825–6 he was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a market liquidity crisis.
International high finance
"I have not the nerve for his operations. They are well-planned, with great cleverness and adroitness in execution – but he is in money and funds what Napoleon was in war." —Baron Baring on Nathan Rothschild[22] |
"... your friends at the West End have the business in their hands to decide between Portugal & Brazil and an early intimation from you may serve us materially."—Samuel Phillips & Co to Nathan Rothschild[23] |
In 1847, Sir Anthony de Rothschild was made a hereditary baronet of the United Kingdom. In 1885, Nathan Mayer Rothschild II (1840–1915) of the London branch of the family, was granted the hereditary peerage title Baron Rothschild in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
The Rothschild family was directly involved in the Independence of Brazil from Portugal in the early 19th century. Upon an agreement, the Brazilian government should pay a compensation of two million pounds sterling to the Kingdom of Portugal to accept Brazil's independence.[23] N M Rothschild & Sons was pre-eminent in raising this capital for the government of the newly formed Empire of Brazil on the London market. In 1825, Nathan Rothschild raised £2,000,000, and indeed was probably discreetly involved in the earlier tranche of this loan which raised £1,000,000 in 1824.[23][24] Part of the price of Portuguese recognition of Brazilian independence, secured in 1825, was that Brazil should take over repayment of the principal and interest on a £1,500,000 loan made to the Portuguese government in 1823 by N M Rothschild & Sons.[23] A correspondence from Samuel Phillips & Co. in 1824 suggests the close involvement of the Rothschilds in the occasion.
Major 19th century businesses founded with Rothschild family capital include:
- Alliance Assurance (1824) (now Royal & SunAlliance);
- Chemin de Fer du Nord (1845)
- The Rio Tinto mining company (1873) (from the 1880s onwards, the Rothschilds had full control of Rio Tinto)[25]
- Eramet (1880)
- Imerys (1880)
- De Beers (1888)
The Japanese government approached the London and Paris families for funding during the Russo-Japanese War. The London consortium's issue of Japanese war bonds would total £11.5 million (at 1907 currency rates; £1.03 billion in 2012 currency terms).[26]
The name of Rothschild became synonymous with extravagance and great wealth, and the family was renowned for its art collecting, for its palaces, as well as for its philanthropy. By the end of the century, the family owned, or had built, at the lowest estimates, over 41 palaces, of a scale and luxury perhaps unparalleled even by the richest royal families.[19] The soon to be British Prime Minister Lloyd George claimed, in 1909, that Lord Nathan Rothschild was the most powerful man in Britain.[3][not in citation given][27]
In 1901, with no male heir, the Frankfurt House closed its doors after more than a century in business. It was not until 1989 that the family returned, when N. M. Rothschild & Sons, the British investment arm, plus Bank Rothschild AG, the Swiss branch, set up a representative banking office in Frankfurt.
Niles' Weekly Register, Volume 49 had the following to say about the Rothschilds influence on international high finance in 1836;
"The Rothschilds are the wonders of modern banking … we see the descendants of Judah, after a persecution of two thousand years, peering above kings, rising higher than emperors, and holding a whole continent in the hollow of their hands. The Rothschilds govern a Christian world. Not a cabinet moves without their advice. They stretch their hand, with equal ease, from Petersburgh to Vienna, from Vienna to Paris, from Paris to London, from London to Washington. Baron Rothschild, the head of the house, is the true king of Judah, the prince of the captivity, the Messiah so long looked for by this extraordinary people. He holds the keys of peace or war, blessing or cursing. … They are the brokers and counselors of the kings of Europe and of the republican chiefs of America. What more can they desire?"[28]
English branch
Main article: Rothschild banking family of England
The Rothschild banking family of England was founded in 1798 by Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836) who first settled in Manchester but then moved to London. Nathan Mayer von Rothschild, the third son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), first established a textile jobbing business in Manchester and from there went on to establish N M Rothschild & Sons bank in London.During the early part of the 19th century, the Rothschild's London bank took a leading part in managing and financing the subsidies that the British government transferred to its allies during the Napoleonic Wars. Through the creation of a network of agents, couriers and shippers, the bank was able to provide funds to the armies of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain, therefore funding war. The providing of other innovative and complex financing for government projects formed a mainstay of the bank's business for the better part of the century. N. M. Rothschild & Sons financial strength in the City of London became such that by 1825–26, the bank was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a liquidity crisis.
Nathan Mayer's eldest son, Lionel de Rothschild (1808–1879) succeeded him as head of the London branch. Under Lionel the bank financed the British government's 1875 purchase of Egypt's interest in the Suez Canal. The Rothschild bank also funded Cecil Rhodes in the development of the British South Africa Company and Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917) administered Rhodes's estate after his death in 1902 and helped to set up the Rhodes Scholarship scheme at Oxford University. In 1873 de Rothschild Frères in France and N. M. Rothschild & Sons of London joined with other investors to acquire the Spanish government's money-losing Rio Tinto copper mines. The new owners restructured the company and turned it into a profitable business. By 1905, the Rothschild interest in Rio Tinto amounted to more than 30 percent. In 1887, the French and English Rothschild banking houses loaned money to, and invested in, the De Beers diamond mines in South Africa, becoming its largest shareholders.
The London banking house continued under the management of Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (1882–1942) and his brother Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887–1961) and then to Sir Evelyn de Rothschild (b. 1931). In 2003, following Sir Evelyn's retirement as head of N M Rothschild & Sons of London, the English and French financial firms merged under the leadership of David René de Rothschild.
French branches
Main article: Rothschild banking family of France
The first was son James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868), known as "James", who established de Rothschild Frères in Paris. Following the Napoleonic Wars, he played a major role in financing the construction of railways and the mining business that helped make France an industrial power. By 1980, the Paris business employed about 2,000 people and had an annual turnover of 26 billion francs (€4,13 billion or $5 billion in the currency rates of 1980).[29]
But then the Paris business suffered a near death blow in 1982 when the socialist government of François Mitterrand nationalised and renamed it Compagnie Européenne de Banque.[30] Baron David de Rothschild, then 39, decided to stay and rebuild, creating a new entity Rothschild & Cie Banque with just three employees and €830.000 ($1 million) in capital. Today the Paris operation has 22 partners and accounts for a significant part of the global business.
Ensuing generations of the Paris Rothschild family remained involved in the family business, becoming a major force in international investment banking. The Rothschilds have since led the Thomson Financial League Tables in Investment Banking Merger and Acquisition deals in the UK, France and Italy.
James Mayer de Rothschild's other son, Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934) was very much engaged in philanthropy and the arts and was a leading proponent of Zionism. His grandson, Baron Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild, founded in 1953 the LCF Rothschild Group, a private bank. Since 1997, Baron Benjamin de Rothschild chairs the group. The group has €100bn of assets in 2008 and owns many wine properties in France (Château Clarke, Château des Laurets), in Australia or in South Africa. In 1961, the 35-year-old Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild purchased the company Club Med, after he had visited a resort and enjoyed his stay.[31][32] His interest in Club Med was sold off by the 1990s. In 1973, he bought out the Bank of California, selling his interests in 1984 before it was sold to Mitsubishi Bank in 1985.
"No kings could afford this! It could only belong to a Rothschild."
— Wilhelm I, Emperor of Germany, on visiting Château de Ferrières.[33] |
Austrian branch
Main article: Rothschild banking family of Austria
Naples branch
Main article: Rothschild banking family of Naples
The C M de Rothschild & Figli bank arranged substantial loans to the Papal States
and to various Kings of Naples plus the Duchy of Parma and the Grand
Duchy of Tuscany. However, in the 1830s, Naples followed Spain with a
gradual shift away from conventional bond issues that began to affect
the bank's growth and profitability. The Unification of Italy
in 1861, with the ensuing decline of the Italian aristocracy who had
been the Rothschild's primary clients, eventually brought about the
closure of their Naples bank, due to declining forecasts for long-term
business sustainability. However, in the early 19th century, the
Rothschild family of Naples built up close relations with the Vatican Bank, and the association between the family and the Vatican continued into the 20th century. In 1832, when Pope Gregory XVI
was seen meeting Carl von Rothschild, observers were shocked that
Rothschild was not required to kiss the Pope's feet, as was then
required for all other visitors to the Pope, including monarchs.[36] The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia described the Rothschilds as "the guardians of the papal treasure".[37]Jewish identity and positions on Zionism
Jewish solidarity in the family was not homogeneous. Many Rothschilds were supporters of Zionism, while other members of the family opposed the creation of the Jewish state. Lord Victor Rothschild was against granting asylum or to help Jewish refugees during the Holocaust.[38] In 1917 Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild was the addressee of the Balfour Declaration to the Zionist Federation,[39] which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.After the death of James Jacob de Rothschild in 1868, his eldest son Alphonse Rothschild took over the management of the family bank and was the most active in support for Eretz Israel.[40] The Rothschild family archives show that during the 1870s the family contributed nearly 500,000 francs per year on behalf of Eastern Jewry to the Alliance Israélite Universelle.[41] Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, youngest son of James Jacob de Rothschild, was a patron of the first settlement in Palestine at Rishon-LeZion, and bought from Ottoman landlords parts of the land which now makes up present-day Israel. In 1924, he established the Palestine Jewish Colonisation Association (PICA), which acquired more than 125,000 acres (50,586 ha) of land and set up business ventures.[42] In Tel Aviv, there is a road, Rothschild Boulevard, named after him as well as various localities throughout Israel which he assisted in founding including Metulla, Zikhron Ya'akov, Rishon Lezion and Rosh Pina. A park in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, the Parc Edmond de Rothschild (Edmond de Rothschild Park), is also named after its founder.[43] The Rothschilds also played a significant part in the funding of Israel's governmental infrastructure. James A. de Rothschild financed the Knesset building as a gift to the State of Israel[44] and the Supreme Court of Israel building was donated to Israel by Dorothy de Rothschild.[45] Outside the President's Chamber is displayed the letter Mrs. Rothschild wrote to the then current Prime Minister Shimon Peres expressing her intention to donate a new building for the Supreme Court.[46]
Interviewed by Haaretz in 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild, a Swiss-based member of the banking family, said that he supported the peace process: "I understand that it is a complicated business, mainly because of the fanatics and extremists – and I am talking about both sides. I think you have fanatics in Israel... In general I am not in contact with politicians. I spoke once with Netanyahu. I met once with an Israeli finance minister, but the less I mingle with politicians the better I feel."[47] Due to a dispute with the Israeli tax authorities, the baron refuses to visit Israel. But his wife Ariane de Rothschild often visits Israel where she manages the Caesarea Foundation. She says: "It is insulting that the state [Israel] casts doubt on us. If there is a family that does not have to prove its commitment to Israel, it's ours."[48]
Modern businesses, investments and philanthropy
The Rothschild Group
Main article: Rothschild Group
Since 2003, a group of Rothschild banks have been controlled by
Rothschild Continuation Holdings, a Swiss-registered holding company
(under the chairmanship of Baron David René de Rothschild). Rothschild Continuation Holdings is in turn controlled by Concordia BV, a Dutch-registered master holding company. Concordia BV is managed by Paris Orléans S.A., a French-registered holding company.[49] Paris Orléans S.A. is ultimately controlled by Rothschild Concordia SAS, a Rothschild's family holding company.[50] Rothschild & Cie Banque
controls Rothschild banking businesses in France and continental
Europe, while Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG controls a number of
Rothschild banks elsewhere, including N M Rothschild & Sons
in London. Twenty percent of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG was
sold in 2005 to Jardine Strategic, which is a subsidiary of Jardine, Matheson & Co. of Hong Kong. In November 2008, Rabobank
Group, the leading investment and private bank in the Netherlands,
acquired 7.5% of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG, and Rabobank and
Rothschild entered into a co-operation agreement in the fields of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) advisory and equity capital markets advisory in the food and agribusiness sectors.[51]
It was believed that the move was intended to help Rothschild
Continuation Holdings AG gain access to a wider capital pool, enlarging
its presence in East Asian markets.[52]Paris Orléans S.A. is a financial holding company listed on Euronext Paris and controlled by the French and English branch of the Rothschild family. Paris Orléans is the flagship of the Rothschild banking Group and controls the Rothschild Group's banking activities including N M Rothschild & Sons and Rothschild & Cie Banque. It has over 2,000 employees. Directors of the company include Eric de Rothschild, Robert de Rothschild and Count Philippe de Nicolay.[53]
N M Rothschild & Sons, an English investment bank, does most of its business as an advisor for mergers and acquisitions. In 2004, the investment bank withdrew from the gold market, a commodity the Rothschild bankers had traded in for two centuries.[38] In 2006, it ranked second in UK M&A with deals totalling $104.9 billion.[54] In 2006, the bank recorded a pre-tax annual profit of £83.2 million with assets of £5.5 billion.[55]
"Treat the stock exchange like a cold shower (quick in, quick out)."
- A traditional family maxim.[56] |
Edmond de Rothschild Group
In late 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild said that the family had been unaffected by the financial crisis of 2007–2010, due to their conservative business practices: "We came through it well, because our investment managers did not want to put money into crazy things." He added that the Rothschilds were still a small-scale, traditional family business and took greater care over their clients' investments than American companies, adding: "The client knows we will not speculate with his money".[47][57]
Edmond de Rothschild group includes these companies.
- Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild – Swiss private banking firm
- Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild – French private bank
- La Compagnie Benjamin de Rothschild
- Cogifrance – Real estate
- Compagnie Vinicole Baron Edmond de Rothschild – wine making firm
RIT Capital Partners
In 1980, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild resigned from N M Rothschild & Sons and took independent control of Rothschild Investment Trust (now RIT Capital Partners, a British investment trust), which has reported assets of $3.4 billion in 2008.[58] It is listed on London Stock Exchange. Lord Rothschild is also one of the major investors behind BullionVault, a gold trading platform.[59]RIT Capital stores a significant proportion of its assets in the form of physical gold. Other assets include oil and energy-related investments.[60]
Investment
In 1991, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild founded J. Rothschild Assurance Group (now St. James's Place Wealth Management) with Sir Mark Weinberg. It is also listed on London Stock Exchange.[61]In 2001, the Rothschild mansion located at 18 Kensington Palace Gardens, London, was on sale for £85 million, at that time (2001) the most expensive residential property ever to go on sale in the world. It was built in marble, at 9,000 sq ft, with underground parking for 20 cars.[62]
In December 2009, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild invested $200 million of his own money in a North Sea oil company.[63]
In January 2010, Nathaniel Philip Rothschild bought a substantial share of the Glencore mining and oil company's market capitalisation. He is also buying a large share of the aluminium mining company United Company RUSAL.[64]
During the 19th century, the Rothschilds controlled the Rio Tinto mining corporation, and to this day, Rothschild and Rio Tinto maintain a close business relationship.[65]
In 2012, RIT Capital Partners announced it is to buy a 37 per cent stake in a Rockefeller family wealth advisory and asset management group. The deal, focusing on asset-management, marks the first time that these two well-known families have collaborated.[66] Commenting on the deal, David Rockefeller, a current patriarch of Rockefeller family, said: "The connection between our two families remains very strong."[67]
Wine
Today, the Rothschild family owns many wine estates: their estates in France include Château Clarke, Château de Malengin, Château Clerc-Milon, Château d'Armailhac, Château Duhart-Milon, Château Lafite Rothschild, Château de Laversine, Château des Laurets, Château L'Évangile, Château Malmaison, Château de Montvillargenne, Château Mouton Rothschild, Château de la Muette, Château Rieussec and Château Rothschild d'Armainvilliers. They also own wine estates across North America, South America, South Africa and Australia.
Especially, Château Mouton Rothschild and Château Lafite Rothschild are classified as Premier Cru Classé—i.e., First Growth, the status referring to a classification of wines from the Bordeaux region of France.
Art and charity
The family once had one of the largest private art collections in the world, and a significant proportion of the art in the world's public museums are Rothschild donations which were sometimes, in the family tradition of discretion, donated anonymously.[69]Hannah Mary Rothschild was appointed in December 2014 as Chair of the Board of the National Gallery of London.[70]
Cultural references
The story of the Rothschild family has been featured in a number of films. The 1934 Hollywood film titled The House of Rothschild, starring George Arliss and Loretta Young, recounted the life of Mayer Amschel Rothschild. Excerpts from this film were incorporated into the Nazi propaganda film Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) without the permission of the copyright holder. Another Nazi film, Die Rothschilds (also called Aktien auf Waterloo), was directed by Erich Waschneck in 1940. A Broadway musical entitled The Rothschilds, covering the history of the family up to 1818, was nominated for a Tony Award in 1971. Nathaniel Mayer ("Natty") Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild appears as a minor character in the historical-mystery novel Stone's Fall, by Iain Pears. The Rothschild name is mentioned by Aldous Huxley in his novel Brave New World, among many names of historically affluent persons, scientific innovators and others. The character, named Morgana Rothschild, played a relatively minor role in the story. The name Rothschild used as a synonym for extreme wealth inspired the song "If I Were a Rich Man", which is based on a song from the Tevye the Dairyman stories, written in the Yiddish as Ven ikh bin Rotshild, meaning "If I were a Rothschild".[73]
In France, the word "Rothschild" was throughout the 19th and 20th centuries a synonym for seemingly endless wealth, neo-Gothic styles, and epicurean glamour.[74] The family also has lent its name to "le goût Rothschild," a suffocatingly glamorous style of living whose decorative elements include neo-Renaissance palaces, extravagant use of velvet and gilding, vast collections of armour and sculpture, a sense of Victorian horror vacui, and the highest masterworks of art. Le goût Rothschild has much influenced designers such as Robert Denning, Yves Saint Laurent, Vincent Fourcade and others.
"Yes, my dear fellow, it all amounts to this: in order to do something first you must be something. We think Dante great, and he had a civilisation of centuries behind him; the House of Rothschild is rich and it has required much more than one generation to attain such wealth. Such things all lie much deeper than one thinks."
— Johann Wolfgang Goethe, October 1828[75]
Conspiracy theories
Over more than two centuries,[20][21] the Rothschild family has frequently been the subject of conspiracy theories.[76][77][78] These theories take differing forms, such as claiming that the family controls the world's wealth and financial institutions[79][80] or encouraged or discouraged wars between governments. Discussing this and similar views, the historian Niall Ferguson wrote,As we have seen, however, wars tended to hit the price of existing bonds by increasing the risk that a debtor state would fail to meet its interest payments in the event of defeat and losses of territory. By the middle of the 19th century, the Rothschilds had evolved from traders into fund managers, carefully tending to their own vast portfolio of government bonds. Now having made their money, they stood to lose more than they gained from conflict. The Rothschilds had decided the outcome of the Napoleonic Wars by putting their financial weight behind Britain. Now they would sit on the sidelines.[81]Many conspiracy theories about the Rothschild family have been identified as a result of anti-Semitic prejudice reaching back several hundred years, including the era of the Napoleonic wars, and not as a result of valid evidence.[82][83][84][85][86]
Prominent descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild
See also: Genealogy of the Rothschild family
Prominent lineal descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild include among many others:-
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
- Major Alexander Karet (1905–1976)[87][88]
- Adeleheid von Rothschild (1853–1935) x 1877 : Edmond de Rothschild (1845–1934) (see the Paris branch)
- Prince Alexandre Louis Philippe Marie Berthier (1883–1918), died fighting in the First World War
- Albert Salomon von Rothschild (1844–1911), former majority shareholder of Creditanstalt
- Alfred Charles de Rothschild (20 July 1842 – 31 January 1918)
- Alice Charlotte von Rothschild (1847–1922) close friend of Queen Victoria
- Aline Caroline de Rothschild (1867–1909), French socialite
- Alice Rothschild (born 1983), wife of Zac Goldsmith, after his divorce of Sheherazade Ventura-Bentley[89]
- Lady Aline Caroline Cholmondeley (born 1916)[citation needed]
- Baroness Afdera Franchetti (born c. 1931), a former wife of Henry Fonda, from the noble Italian Jewish Franchetti family
- Baroness Alix Hermine Jeannette Schey de Koromla (1911–1982)[90]
- Alphonse James de Rothschild (1827–1905)
- Amschel Mayor James Rothschild (1955–1996, Paris), patron of motor racing
- Princess Andréa de La Tour d'Auvergne-Lauraguais (born Paris 1972)[citation needed]
- Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887–1961), horse-breeder
- Anthony James de Rothschild (born 1977)
- Anselm von Rothschild (1803–1874), Austrian banker
- Anselm Alexander Carl de Rothschild (1835–1854)[citation needed]
- Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet (1810–1876)
- Antoine Armand Odélric Marie Henri de Gramont, 13th Duke of Gramont (born 1951)[91]
- Alain James de Rothschild (1910–1982)[citation needed]
- Lady Barbara Marie-Louise Constance Berry (born 1935)
- Ariane de Rothschild
- Arthur de Rothschild (1851–1903)
- Benjamin de Rothschild (born 1963, Paris)
- Princess Béatrice de Broglie (born 1913)
- Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild (1864–1934)
- Bethsabée de Rothschild (1914–1999)
- Carl Mayer von Rothschild (1788–1855)
- Cécile Léonie Eugénie Gudule Lucie de Rothschild (1913–1995)
- Charlotte de Rothschild
- Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild (born 1955), British opera singer
- Charlotte von Rothschild(1818–84)
- Count Charles-Emmanuel Lannes de Montebello (born 1942)
- Charles Rothschild (1877–1923), banker and entomologist
- Daniel de Rothschild (born 1994)
- David de Rothschild (born 1997)
- Constance Flower, 1st Baroness of Battersea (1843–1931)[citation needed]
- David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley (born 1960), Lord Great Chamberlain of England
- David Mayer de Rothschild (born 1978), billionaire[92] British adventurer and environmentalist
- David René de Rothschild (born 1942)
- Diane Cécile Alice Juliette de Rothschild (born 1907)[citation needed]
- Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild (1926–1997)
- Edouard Etienne de Rothschild (born 1957)
- Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild (1868–1949) financier and polo player
- Prince Edouard de La Tour d'Auvergne-Lauraguais (born 1949)
- Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934)
- Edmund Leopold de Rothschild (1916–2009)
- Elie de Rothschild (1917–2007)
- Princess Elisabeth de Broglie (born 1920)
- Elisabeth Clarice de Rothschild (born 1952)
- Emeric de Rothschild (born 1995)
- Emma Rothschild (born 1948)
- Eric de Rothschild (born 1962), banker
- Esther de Rothschild (born 1979)
- Evelina de Rothschild(1839–66)
- Evelyn Achille de Rothschild (1886–1917), died fighting for the British Army in the First World War
- Sir Evelyn de Rothschild (born 1931), banker
- Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, M.P. (1839–1898)
- Francesca Diane de Rothschild (1919–1998), philanthropist
- Count Gabriel Antoine Armand (1908–1943), a soldier of the French Resistance.
- Gustave Samuel de Rothschild (1829–1911)
- Guy de Rothschild (1909–2007)
- Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery née Hannah Rothschild (1851–1890)
- Hannah Mary Rothschild (born 1962), documentary filmmaker
- Heidi Magdalena de Rothschild (1933), socialite
- Helene Cecile Muhlstein de Rothschild (1936–2007) x 1962 : François Nourissier (1927–2011), président de l'Académie Goncourt
- Henry Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon (1924–2001)
- Henri James de Rothschild (1872–1946), playwright, grandson of Nathaniel de Rothschild
- Henry Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon (1898–1987)
- Duke Hélie Marie Auguste Jacques Bertrand Philippe (1943), 10th Duke of Noailles
- Henriette Rothschild (1791–1866) married Sir Moses Montefiore (1784–1885)
- Count Henri de Gramont (1909–1994)[citation needed]
- Hugh Cholmondeley, 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley (1919–90), Lord Great Chamberlain of England
- Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild (born 1936), investment banker
- Jacqueline de Rothschild (1911–2012) x (1) 1930; Robert Calmann-Lévy (1899–1982) puis x (2) 1937; Gregor Piatigorsky (1903–1976)
- James Amschel Victor Rothschild (born 1985)
- James Armand de Rothschild (1878–1957)
- James Mayer Rothschild (1792–1868)
- Joachim Von Rothschild (1929–1998)
- Neil Primrose, 7th Earl of Rosebery (born 1929)
- Neil James Archibald Primrose (1882–1917), MP, killed fighting in the First World War
- Baroness Nica de Koenigswarter (née Baroness Pannonica Rothschild) (1913–1988), patron of bebop and jazz writer – often called the "Jazz Baroness"
- Baron Léon Lambert (1929–1987), Belgian art collector[93]
- Lamasnipes de Rothschild (1844–1915)
- Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917)
- Leopold David de Rothschild (1927–2012)
- Leonora de Rothschild (1837–1911)
- Lionel Nathan Rothschild (1808–1879)
- Louis Nathaniel de Rothschild (1882–1955)
- Countess Magdalene-Sophie von Attems (born 1927)
- Maria de Rothschild (1894–1937)
- Marie-Hélène de Rothschild (1927–94), French socialite
- Maurice de Rothschild (1881–1957)
- Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (1818–1874)
- Miriam Louisa Rothschild (1908–2005), famous entomologist and zoologist
- Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1868–1937)
- Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812–1870)
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836)
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1840–1915)
- Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (born 1936)
- Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild (1946), French financier
- Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1910–1990)
- Nathaniel Philip Rothschild (born 1971), a co-chairman of Atticus Capital, a £20 billion hedge fund[94]
- Nathaniel Anselm von Rothschild (1836–1905), Austrian socialite
- Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet (1888–1939), British First Commissioner of Works and Under-Secretary of State for Air
- Count Philippe de Nicolay (born 1955), great-grandson of Salomon James de Rothschild, he is a director of the Rothschild group.[53]
- Robert de Rothschild (1880–1946) x 1907 : Gabrielle Beer (1886–1945)
- Philippe de Rothschild (1902–1988), vintner, son of Henri James de Rothschild
- Philippine de Rothschild (1935–2014), vintner, daughter of Philippe
- Jacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild (1911–2012), chess and tennis champion
- Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery (1882–1974) Earl of Roseberry
- Raphael de Rothschild (1976–2000)
- Salomon James de Rothschild (1835–1864)
- Lady Serena Dunn Rothschild (born 1935)
- Countess Sophie von Löwenstein-Scharffeneck (1896–1978)
- Lady Sybil Grant (1879–1955), British writer
- Sybil Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley (1894–1989)
- Valentine Noémi von Springer (1886–1969)
- Victoria Katherine Rothschild (born 1953)
- Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, zoologist
- Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild
-
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
- Maurice Ephrussi (1849–1916), of the Ephrussi banking dynasty[95]
- Ben Goldsmith (born 1980), son of financier James Goldsmith, married Kate Emma Rothschild (born 1982)
- Anita Patience Guinness (1957), of the Guinness family, married Amschel Mayor James Rothschild[96]
- Abraham Oppenheim (1804–1878), of the Oppenheim Family, married Charlotte Beyfus (1811–1887)
- Aline Caroline de Rothschild (1867–1909) married Sir Edward Sassoon, 2nd Baronet, of Kensington Gore (1856–1912), of the Sassoon family
- Cora Guggenheim (1873–1956), of the Guggenheim family, married Louis F. Rothschild (1869–1957)
- Carola Warburg Rothschild (1894–1987), philanthropist, born into the Warburg family[97]
- Sara Louise de Rothschild (born 1834), married the Baron Raimondo Franchetti (born 1829)
- Baron Eugène de Rothschild (1884–1976) married Countess Cathleen Wolff de Schonborn-Bucheim (1885 – c. 1946)[98]
- In 1923, James Nathaniel Charles Léopold Rothschild, son of Henri James Nathaniel Charles Rothschild and Mathilde Sophie Henriette de Weisweiller, married Claude du Pont of the Du Pont family.[99]
- James Rothschild, married Nicky Hilton, of the Hilton family[100]
- Bertha Clara de Rothschild (1862) married Prince Alexandre de Wagram
- Bertha Juliet de Rothschild (1870) married Baron Emmanuel Leonino
- Lili Jeanette von Goldschimdt-Rothschild (1883–1929), married Baron Philippe Schey de Koromla
- Elisabeth Pelletier de Chambure (1902–1945), the only member of the Rothschild family to die in the Holocaust.
- Antoine Agénor Armand (1879–1962), of the Naples Rothschild lines, married Countess Élaine Greffulhe, daughter of Princess Élisabeth de Caraman-Chimay
- Hannah Mayer Rothschild (1815–1864) married Hon. Henry Fitzroy (1807–1859), of the family of the Dukes of Grafton
- Edouard Alphonse James de Rothschild (1868–1949) married in 1905 the Baroness Alice Germaine de Halphen (1884–1979)
- Count François de Nicolay (1919–1963), of the House of Nicolay, married Marie-Hélène Naila Stephanie Josina van Zuylen van Nyevelt
- Marguerite de Rothschild in 1878 married Antoine Alfred Agénor, 11th Duc de Gramont (1851–1921),
- Dorothy de Rothschild (1895–1988), on her death she left the largest probated estate in Britain
- George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon married Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell, the illegitimate daughter of Alfred de Rothschild
- Pauline de Rothschild (1908–1976), fashion designer and translator of Elizabethan poetry
- Lady Irma Pauahi Wodehouse (1897), of the Wodehouse family[90]
- Prince Louis Philippe Berthier (1836–1911)
- Amartya Sen (born 1933), Noble Laureate, Indian economist and philosopher, married Emma Georgina Rothschild of the Rothschild banking family of England.
- Jeanne de Rothschild (1908–2003), actress
- Nadine de Rothschild (1932–), French actress and author
- Princess Sophie de Ligne (born 1957), of the House of Ligne, married Philippe de Nicolay (born 1955), a director of the Rothschild group,[53] and the great-grandson of Salomon James de Rothschild
- Liliane de Rothschild (1916–2003), art collector
- David Rene de Rothschild married Princess Olimpia Anna Aldobrandini, of the House of Borghese and the House of Bonaparte.[90]
- Baron Robert Philippe de Rothschild married Nelly Beer, a great-grand-niece of Giacomo Meyerbeer
- Richard Francis Roger Yarde-Buller, 4th Baron Churston of Churston Ferrers and Lupton (1910–1991), married Olga Alice Muriel Rothschild
- Serena Dunn Rothschild (born 1935), granddaughter of Sir James Hamet Dunn, 1st Baronet
- Lynn Forester de Rothschild (born 1954), businesswoman
- Edward Maurice Stonor (1885–1930), son of Francis Stonor, 4th Baron Camoys[citation needed]
- Lady Pamela Wellesley Grant (born 1912), great-great-granddaughter of the Duke of Wellington, married Lieutenant Charles Robert Archibald Grant, great-great-grandson of Mayer Amschel de Rothschild
- Baroness Rozsika Edle von Wertheimstein[5]
- Baron Etienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt of the House of Van Zuylen van Nyevelt – married Baroness Hélène de Rothschild (1863–1947).[101]
- Baron Sigismund von Springer (1873–1927), married Baroness Valentine Noémi von Rothschild (1886–1969), after whom the asteroid 703 Noëmi is named
- In 1943 Baron Elie Robert de Rothschild (1917–2007), married Lady Liliane Elisabeth Victoire Fould-Springer, great-aunt of actress Helena Bonham Carter[102]
- In 2015, James Rothschild married American heiress and socialite Nicky Hilton, the great-granddaughter of Hilton Hotels founder Conrad Hilton[103]
Coat of arms
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See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rothschild family. |
Notes
- "Jewish Heraldry". heraldica.org.
Further reading
- Niall Ferguson: The House of Rothschild: Money's Prophets, 1798–1848 (ISBN 0-14-024084-5)
- Niall Ferguson: The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker, 1849–1998 (ISBN 0-14-028662-4)
- Frederic Morton: The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty (ISBN 1-56836-220-X)
- Amos Elon: Founder: A Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time, 1996. (ISBN 0-670-86857-4)
- Egon Caesar Conte Corti: Rise of the House of Rothschild, B. Lunn (translator), Books for Business 2001 (reprint of 1928 translation published by Gollancz), ISBN 978-0-89499-058-8, Amazon.co.uk searchable online view
- Joseph Valynseele & Henri-Claude Mars, Le Sang des Rothschild, L'Intermédiaire des Chercheurs et Curieux, Paris, 2004 (ISBN 2-908003-22-8)
- Derek A. Wilson: Rothschild: A Story of Wealth and Power (ISBN 0-233-98870-X)
- Mir-Babayev M.F. The role of Azerbaijan in the World's oil industry – "Oil-Industry History" (USA), 2011, v. 12, no. 1, p. 109–123.
- Mir-Babayev M.F. The Rothschild brother’s contribution to Baku’s oil industry – "Oil-Industry History" (USA), 2012, v. 13, no. 1, p. 225–236.
Documentary film
- Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World – The early history of the Rothschild's family business feature in the second of a four-part series by Niall Ferguson aired on Channel Four
External links
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (October 2015) |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rothschild family. |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Rothschild. |
Finance
- RIT Capital Partners – English investment trust founded by English Rothschild family
- The Xander Group – Global investment firm founded by Rothschild family and Getty family
- The Rothschild Group – It includes activities of Rothschild & Cie Banque and N M Rothschild & Sons
- Paris Orléans S.A. – The flagship holding company of The Rothschild Group
- Rothschild Wealthmanagement & Trust – Wealth management branch of The Rothschild Group
- Edmond de Rothschild Group – Swiss private banking group founded by French Rothschild family
- Finance
- Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild – Swiss private banking firm
- Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild – French private bank
- La Compagnie Benjamin de Rothschild
- Cogifrance – Real estate
- The Capital Holdings Funds – Flagship investment vehicle of the Edmond de Rothschild Group
- Non-finance
- Dmaine du Mont D'arbois – Luxury hotel
- Mont d'Arbois golf – Golf
- Gitana Team – Yacht racing
- Finance
- Baron Philippe de Rothschild SA (Château Mouton Rothschild)
- Domaines Barons de Rothschild (Château Lafite Rothschild)
- Compagnie Vinicole Baron Edmond de Rothschild (Château Clarke) – Edmond de Rothschild Group
- Rupert & Rothschild Vignerons
- Chateau de Malengin
- Waddesdon Manor (England)
- Ascott House (England)
- Villa Rothschild Kempisnki (Germany)
- Villa Ephrussi de Rothschild (France)
- Château de Montvillargenne (France)
- Château de Ferrières (France)
- Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild (France)
- Exbury Gardens (England)
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Categories:
- Rothschild family
- American bankers
- American people of German-Jewish descent
- American real estate businesspeople
- Austrian bankers
- Banking families
- Business families of the United States
- English bankers
- French bankers
- German bankers
- History of banking
- Italian bankers
- Jewish American art collectors
- Jewish-American families
- Jewish American philanthropists
- Jewish-German families
- Noble families
- Swiss bankers
Turquía bombardea Irak
en medio de las tensiones entre ambos países
Publicado miércoles, diciembre 09, 2015 por La Verdad Oculta
comentarios
Twittear
Turquía bombardea Irak en medio de las tensiones entre ambos países
La Fuerza Aérea de Turquía ha violado el espacio aéreo de Irak y ha
bombardeado posiciones kurdas en territorio iraquí, cerca de la frontera
con su propio país. Este ataque se ha producido en medio de las
tensiones entre ambos Estados, que se han incrementado tras expirar el
ultimátum de Bagdad, que instaba a Ankara a retirar sus tropas de la
zona.
Este miércoles, varios aviones de combate turcos han violado el espacio
aéreo de Irak y han bombardeado territorio adyacente a su frontera, en
la gobernación de Duhok, escribe RIA Novosti citando a la agencia Fars.
Algunos testigos señalan que los bombardeos duraron más de 30 minutos y
su objetivo eran las posiciones del Partido de los Trabajadores de
Kurdistán (PKK) en Deyrluk y Shiladzhi.
Las informaciones también indican que este martes por la noche los cazas
turcos atacaron la base del PKK en Kandil.
El pasado domingo, Irak lanzaba un ultimátum a Turquía: si Ankara no
procede a retirar las tropas que tiene desplegadas en territorio iraquí
en menos de 48 horas, Bagdad se dirigirá al Consejo de Seguridad de la
ONU.
Según las autoridades iraquíes, el pasado 4 de diciembre un batallón de
tanques turcos entró en la provincia iraquí de Nínive bajo la premisa de
formar a los militantes de las formaciones populares kurdas que luchan
contra el Estado Islámico. El servicio diplomático iraquí y el
Ministerio de Defensa han tildado esta presencia militar de "acto
hostil" por parte de Turquía, que no llegó a un acuerdo previo con las
autoridades de Bagdad.
Leer más en: http://www.laverdadoculta.com.ar/2015/12/turquia-bombardea-irak-en-medio-de-las.html
Leer más en: http://www.laverdadoculta.com.ar/2015/12/turquia-bombardea-irak-en-medio-de-las.html
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